卫生部估计,在10年内,我国的爱滋病患将增至30万人,而吸毒者将超过100万人。面对如此险峻的局势,政府必须在防治爱滋病与毒品蔓延方面寻求突破。
今年10月开始,政府计划在10间私人诊所和10间政府医院里,提供免费的美沙酮,给1200名毒瘾很深,但有愿意戒毒的吸毒者。
究竟“减低危害计划”的第一步会不会成功?小市民又如何看待这个计划?街头访问时,我们发现市民多处在道德审判和维护公共卫生的两端忐忑不安。
“好像跑到没有有路好跑了,只有这个下下策,只有用这一招,看实行一下子看有没有进展,如果没有的话,就证明这个方式是行不通!”一市民无奈的说。
提供美沙酮替代疗法予想戒毒的吸毒者,以毒攻毒的方式究竟行得通吗? 许多人都有这样的疑问。 或许还有很多人不明白, “美沙酮替代疗法”是针对那些有意愿放弃毒品的吸毒者而设的。
在试验计划中,1200名有意戒毒的吸毒者将在政府锁定的医院和诊所的医生面前口服美沙酮。 但是,“美沙酮替代疗法”是一种长期的治疗,就像治疗糖尿病和躁郁症病人一样,需要至少1年的时间。过后,治疗者才能慢慢减少服用美沙酮剂量,转入“美沙酮戒毒计划。”
当然,为了避免美沙酮被滥用,医生也会不定期检验治疗者的尿液,确保他们没有继续吸毒,协助他们逐步摆脱毒品。
但是,我们都知道,在6万5千个投报的爱滋病例中,有百分之75的个案是静脉注射吸毒者。这些吸毒者大部分都不能放弃静脉注射方式,在缺乏针筒下,与人共用针筒来吸毒。
认识到问题的严重性,政府希望在明年初,再为1200个无法脱离毒瘾和采用静脉注射的吸毒者提供免费针筒,希望能够避免吸毒群体吸毒时传播血液传染病如爱滋病、B型肝炎等疾病。因此,“交换针筒计划”才是减低危害的重点。
问题是,根据1952年危害毒品法令第37条文,携带针筒是犯法的。吸毒者将面临最高两年的监禁刑罚。
要推行“交换针筒计划”,政府的当务之急是修改目前的法律。如果法律来不及修改,执法组还无法达致共识,交换针筒计划缺乏一个强而有力的监督机制;如果还有人认为,美沙酮“以毒攻毒”的替代疗法注定失败,而不理解美沙酮治疗后,病人只要有决心,医生将逐渐减少美沙酮的服量,直到不需要治疗为止,进而转入戒毒计划。
如果对“美沙酮戒毒计划”存有误解,继续否定美沙酮以毒攻毒走不远,那么,可以预见的是:每天将继续有20个或更多的爱滋新病例的出现,在2015年时,爱滋病将成为一种流行病。
这一刻,我们要相信:相信公共卫生比什么都重要,相信法律是要确保人人平等,相信任何政策的推行,必须依靠百川不拒的包容气魄和宽宏视野。更要相信:我们的敌人是毒品和爱滋病毒,而不是吸毒者和爱滋病患。
有了人道主义的温柔与深沉,我们看到“减低危害计划”即将试跑时,才不会郁结不安,起码能够祝福。
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